Building facade: main, front, their repair and finishing used in system design

Some people wonder what is the facade of a building? What is its definition? This is the front side of the building, located outside.

The concept of “facade” has another meaning: it is a drawing of an orthogonal projection of a building. The projection is carried out onto a vertical plane.

The front side comes in different types, which largely depends on its shape, proportions, and architecture. According to Wikipedia, the following varieties are distinguished:

main;
side;
rear;
street;
yard

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Functional features of external walls

The facade plays a very important not only decorative role, but also a functional one. It carries a certain load, which is why redevelopment of the facade should be carried out with caution so as not to damage the structure of the entire building and not create a risk of emergency consequences. It is very important when building a house, and at the stage of building the foundation, to comply with all calculations, especially those related to the supporting structure.

Any error in following these calculations will result in incorrect distribution of the load and subsequently lead to the destruction of the house or its deformation.

Architectural elements

Names of architectural elements of the classic exterior:

Balustrade - decorative railings on balconies, stairs and terraces with figured posts - balusters.
Bas-reliefs are protruding figured stucco compositions of plant, animal, and anthropoid themes. High reliefs differ from bas-reliefs in that their shape is closer to a three-dimensional sculpture.
Rusts or rusticated stones are convex rectangular parts of the cladding that serve for relief masonry on top of the main finish. The rusticated masonry at the corners of the building gives it a massive and orderly appearance.
A console or bracket is a shaped support for protruding elements of the exterior (balcony, window sill, cornice), which can be of any size and shape, up to a three-dimensional sculpture.
A cornice is a protruding horizontal element along the perimeter of a building, visually dividing it into floors along the floor line.
Sandriks are a decorative design for the top of a window opening.
Column - cylindrical pillars made of concrete, wood or stone, often serving as supports for a roof, arch, or terrace on the second floor.

Sometimes they are used simply for decoration without load. The upper expanded part, which can have a beautiful decorative design, is called a capital.

Historical changes

The exterior decor of the building, its proportions and shapes are designed in accordance with a specific architectural style, while each building will have its own individual design and, accordingly, appearance.

The first residential buildings created by man were covered with the skin of mammoths and other wild animals - this was the “facade material” of the Paleolithic period. But already in the Mesolithic, the exterior of their homes was made of Adobe, or simply coated with clay.

During antiquity there was a real rise in architecture. The structure acquired sophistication, order, and a clear form. The architectural techniques that were used at that time found echoes in the subsequent styles of the Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo and Classicism.

Columns with luxurious capitals, stucco bas-relief, vignettes and friezes - all this was created by ancient masters, and is now only being repeated using modern materials.

The peak of façade decor flourished during the Baroque period. Exterior elements in this era were particularly complex; voluminous bas-reliefs with a lot of small, well-designed details were often used. But unlike Gothic, the buildings had rounded shapes.

Front façade: materials for decoration

In order to design the main view of the building, the following materials are used:

stone;
siding;
panel;
plaster;
brick for cladding.

What is most commonly used

Stones are often used to finish the front side. You can use both natural and artificial stones. The most popular natural stones are:

marble;
limestone;
granite;
gabbro

Artificial stones are very popular. Architectural concrete is in particular demand. It is also called “white stone”. From “white stone” you can create decorative elements for windows and doors, as well as hanging panels.

Such a design can be quite long (several square meters). Moreover, the thickness of the “white stone” is small and is about 10 cm.

Main facade: types of structures

What is included in the definition of façade can be understood and found out by studying the information.

All types of main types of buildings and structures are subject to two basic requirements:

Protection of the structure from external factors.
Aesthetic effect.

He can be:

dry;
wet.

The “dry” type of facade systems is manufactured without the use of adhesive bases and special mortars. Thus, any part is attached using nails, screws and other elements. An example of dry facades is siding.

“Wet” facades are installed using a building mixture. Examples are: plaster, clinker tile finishing (an adhesive base is required to secure it) and others.

What is needed for this type

Available to a wide range of buyers. It consists of the following layers:

Insulation (this is the inner layer).
Fiberglass mesh. With its help, installers strengthen walls.
Decorative plaster. It comes in any shape and color.

For manufacturing, you will not need complex circuits and all kinds of aluminum fasteners, tiles and ceramic bricks, and the insulation can be simply reinforced using mesh and bolts. But there is also a small nuance - such a system cannot be installed at temperatures below +5 °C.

A huge advantage is that installation can be carried out regardless of the time of year and weather conditions. A “wet” facade gives the building integrity, but it directly depends on weather conditions and climate.

Advantages and disadvantages of finishing types

When choosing one or another method of arranging a facade, you need to weigh the pros and cons, and then select the appropriate option. Let's start with the wet facade. This type of finishing is done independently without complex diagrams and plans. It is enough to buy insulation and glue it. Then secure the reinforcing mesh with glue and level the resulting layer.

Next we start decorating. Both plaster and tile are suitable. But there are a few disadvantages, such as weather conditions. To work with solutions, you need dry, windless, but cloudy weather. The air temperature cannot fall below +5 and rise above +25 degrees.

Now let's look at a dry ventilated façade. The main advantage is the presence of a gap. Ventilation is helped by air that quietly circulates in the resulting space. Thanks to this, moisture does not accumulate on the surface of the wall or insulation, therefore increasing the service life of the materials. The disadvantage is the cost. Metal profiles will be expensive.

An unventilated dry façade is not suitable for all buildings. For example, a wooden structure will not be able to withstand the moisture that accumulates under the cladding. The material will begin to rot and quickly become unusable, and there is always dampness in the premises and fungi will develop.

What is siding?

Siding is a material for cladding a building. The material is presented in the form of horizontally arranged panels. They are fastened together directly on the wall of the building. Siding is a very versatile and attractive cladding element:

With the help of siding you can achieve variety in creating shapes.
It is very easy to operate.
It can be made from a wide variety of materials.

Types of siding

Made from vinyl. Siding made from this material is quite strong, durable, and practical. The building becomes attractive due to the brilliant properties of the material.
Made from polystyrene foam. The heat transfer of the building decreases. This is of great importance for buildings located in harsh climatic zones. The advantages of foam siding are also an increase in the vapor permeability of the building, moisture does not accumulate on the walls.
Made of metal. It is the metal finishing that will add durability to the building and resistance to adverse environmental factors.
Of steel.
Made of wood. The main façade with such finishing looks aesthetically pleasing and provides excellent thermal protection for the building.
Made from cement.

Thanks to all these advantages, siding is gradually replacing many of the listed materials (in particular, plaster).

Plaster, as a material for cladding the outer part of a building, is also used very often and tries not to lose its position. The following types of plaster have been developed: mineral, polymer, mosaic, structural, pebble.

The main side should look attractive, since it is the “face” of the building.

The end of the building as art

Many buildings in Russia and around the world are majestic architectural ensembles that are designed as works of art.
At the ends of two ten-story residential buildings, adjacent to each other at corners, like an open book, in the middle of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, artists created a painting. Now here is a life-size depiction of a warship sailing on the open sea.

The end face is a source of inspiration for many creators of world art. Paintings of gigantic proportions are called maral art. They can be created in graffiti or street art style. First, a sketch is created and entered into the computer. Electronics project the picture onto the building. The artist from the aerial platform traces the contours of the painting, marking where the color is.

Important! There are many restored buildings. The most popular portraits on Moscow houses: director Sergei Eisenstein in Vatin Lane, composer Alexander Scriabin near Paveletsky Station, Anna Akhmatova, Gilyarovsky Street, Mikhail Bulgakov, house number 33 of Bolshoy Afanasyevsky Lane on Arbat

Additional classification

Today, the division of this building material into the following types is known:

ventilated options;
non-ventilated options.

The technology of ventilated systems is based on the formation of a gap for ventilation, which is located between the wall and the facade material.

Air begins to circulate freely in the gap, thanks to which moisture and dampness evaporate. And the material itself qualitatively protects the floors of premises from all kinds of atmospheric influences.

What does the ventilation façade consist of?

This type should consist of three layers:

Mineral insulation (it is located on the inside.
Air gap (this is the middle layer).
Facing part (outer layer). Most often, the outside is covered with ceramic tiles. It looks neat and has a lot of colors.

Ventilated facades and other systems containing aluminum are not cheap. The main point in this case is the price-quality ratio.

An unventilated facade is used when the building does not have external insulation. If the facade needs to be installed on a wooden building, then it is better to use a ventilated system, since wooden walls themselves emit a large amount of moisture. If you do not get rid of moisture accumulation, the wooden house will simply begin to rot.

Half-timbered column

In one-story industrial buildings, in addition to the main frame, an additional – half-timbered – wall frame is used. The half-timbered structures are installed in the planes of the longitudinal and end walls.

Half-timbering is necessary when there is a large distance between the uprights of the main frame. Half-timbered columns provide stability to the walls and provide hanging crossbars for fastening wall panels.

Reinforced concrete columns of the end frame

Half-timbered columns are installed, most often, in 6m increments. The upper part of the column is fixed at the floor level with flexible ties. The half-timbered columns are installed on their own foundation.

Gates. Gates are classified according to their purpose, by the number of leaves (single and double-leaf, multi-leaf), by the method of opening the doors (hinged, sliding, lifting, curtain).

Swing gates have the simplest design and are widely used. The width of swing gates is taken to be no more than 4.7 m.

Sliding gates are used when openings are large and there is no space to open swing gates.

Metal half-timbers

Gate leaves are made with a top hinge, i.e. with rollers resting on a rail located at the top of the opening.

Lifting gates occupy a minimal area when opening, but their design is much more complex in terms of mechanical devices and structures.

Ticket 13. Planar spacer systems for the load-bearing frame of a one-story long-span building: examples, features, approximate ratios of cross-sectional parameters of load-bearing elements to spans, ensuring rigidity.

In spacer structures of coverings on supports, in addition to vertical reactions, under the influence of the structure’s own mass, horizontal reactions called expansion also occur.

The main spacer structures are arches and frames.

Frames can be of various shapes, but most often U-shaped frames are used in construction.

Arches are most often designed with a circular outline (since such arches are simply made in either monolithic or prefabricated versions); arches can also be parabolic, elliptical, or based on curves consisting of different radii.

There are frames and arches:

1. Hinged (designed only on reliable foundations, since they are especially sensitive to uneven soil settlement)

2. Double-hinged - with a hinged support on the foundation (less sensitive to uneven precipitation, but the expansion, compared to hingeless ones, is greater)

3. Three-hinged - hinged support on supports + hinge in the middle of the span (even less sensitive to uneven settlements, but the expansion is greater than that of double-hinged and hingeless ones)

The advantage of two and three-hinged frames and arches is that they can be made in advance from two identical parts and mounted by simply connecting the hinges.

Arches and Frames (circular and U-shaped) have a constant cross-section only in the hingeless version; in the presence of hinges, the height of the section is reduced by 2.3 times at the hinges (see Table)

Expansion structures require a special type of foundation: the greater the expansion, the more the foundation must be developed outward.

Ways to perceive (reduce) thrust:

1. cantilever extensions located in continuation of the crossbars and loaded accordingly - with this solution you can almost completely get rid of the thrust and design the foundations as for a conventional non-thrust structure.

2. Tie-downs - the lack of thrust of the arch can be completely achieved by connecting its supports with a metal tie, which is usually located below the floor level

Arches and frames have sufficient rigidity in their plane; in the other direction, the rigidity of the entire system as a whole is ensured by the inclusion of connections in each longitudinal row of vertical supports.

Horizontal connections are arranged in the transverse direction at the beginning and end of the temperature compartment. In curved arches, rigidity is achieved by embedding covering slabs of a curved outline.

Also, a vault can be classified as a spacer covering structure - as a type of arch of large width.

The simplest design is a smooth cylindrical vault. Resting along the entire length on the foundation, a more progressive type of cylindrical vault is ribbed.

Load-bearing elements of a ribbed vault: arches and longitudinal ribs, which are connections; the same type of reinforced concrete slabs are installed between the ribs

By combining cylindrical vaults, you can get a closed vault, a multifaceted dome, or a cross vault.

The following methods of repaying the thrust are possible:

1. Buttresses

2. Tightenings 14. Frame structures of one-story industrial buildings: structural diagrams, materials, sections of elements, ensuring stability.

Frame schemes of the load-bearing frame are formed by vertical load-bearing elements, which, in turn, support the load-bearing elements of the covering - the frame crossbars.

Depending on the functional purpose of the building, the materials of the main supporting structures and the structural system, the frames have a rigid or hinged connection of horizontal elements with vertical ones.

The most common design solution for one-story industrial buildings is a diagram (Fig. II.2, b) with a hinged connection of the frame crossbar and columns and rigid embedding of the columns in the foundations (double-hinged system).

Other schemes for the transverse load-bearing structure of a building, for example, a two-hinged scheme with hinges at the point where the columns rest on the foundations (Fig. II.2, c) or a three-hinged scheme (Fig. II.2, a), are used less frequently. Rigid connection of the frame crossbar with the columns - a hingeless scheme (Fig. II.

2, d) - used mainly in all-metal frames.

The frames of one-story industrial buildings can be made of reinforced concrete, metal and wood.

Predominant use is made of reinforced concrete frames, in which, for spans up to 18 m inclusive, it is advisable to use gable reinforced concrete beams of T- and I-beams as cross-sections, and for spans of 24, 30 and 36 m - trusses of segmental, trapezoidal shape and with parallel chords. Reinforced concrete frames with rigid joints are used for spans up to 48 m, and rarely due to their complexity, and they are not more economical than hinged ones. The height of the cross-section of the frame crossbar is taken to be equal to 1/20-1/25 of the span, the height of the cross-section of the rack at the place where it adjoins the crossbar is the same or slightly smaller. It is advisable to adopt I-sections for the crossbar and rack. For ease of transportation, the reinforced concrete frame is divided into several elements during manufacturing. The joints of the elements are arranged either at the junction of the crossbar with the racks (Fig. II.72, a), or at places of zero bending moments from a constant load (Fig. II.72, b). use of steel frames.

For spans of more than 18 m, the crossbars are designed end-to-end in the form of trusses in order to save materials.

With heavy loads and significant spans, as well as with overhead cranes with a large lifting capacity, you should switch to metal spans

Is it always appropriate to say end of the house?

As mentioned earlier, the end of the building is a short side facade. However, if the building being constructed has a square shape, then it will not have ends. Also, if a long and narrow building has the main entrance to it located on the smallest wall in area, then this “end of the building” is the real main facade. It is richly decorated compared to all the other external walls of the building. As a rule, such an “end” with the main entrance was previously often enlivened with pilasters, modeling, and decorated with various niches.

In accordance with current legislative standards, the front façade is a façade that is clearly visible from the main street or roadway. And if such a facade is located on a narrow external wall of a building, then such a building cannot be said to have ends at all. It only has facades - main, rear, side, etc.

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